{
 "scientific_name": "Rhus copallinum",
 "common_name": "Winged Sumac",
 "family": "Anacardiaceae",
 "genus": "Rhus",
 "slug": "rhus-copallinum",
 "region": "North Carolina",
 "also_known_as": [
  "Rhus copallina"
 ],
 "nc_state_rank": "S5",
 "nc_status": null,
 "invasive_rank": null,
 "caterpillar_species_on_genus_nc": 57,
 "single_host_specialists_on_genus_nc": 4,
 "genus_percentile_among_nc_natives": 0.942,
 "wetland_indicator": "FACU",
 "wetland_indicator_listed": true,
 "ph_range": [
  5.3,
  7.5
 ],
 "factors_measured": [
  "caterpillars",
  "bees",
  "specialists",
  "birds",
  "structure"
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "name": "Vascular Plants of North Carolina, plant list export 2026-09-01 (LeGrand, Sorrie & Howard)",
   "url": "https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Robertson 1929, Illinois flower visitors; GloBI contributor transcription (visits, not confirmed pollination)",
   "url": "https://github.com/millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers"
  },
  {
   "name": "Penn & Crist 2018, ant\u2013seed interactions; USA/Canada observations",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4377"
  },
  {
   "name": "Shropshire & Tallamy 2025, Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico, ZooKeys 1261 (ODbL)",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1261.160796"
  },
  {
   "name": "Noori, Seltmann & Orr 2026, A curated and integrated dataset for exploring global bee-plant interactions (GloBI), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18303036"
  },
  {
   "name": "Smith, Bachelder, Russell, Morales, Mosher & Seltmann 2024, Bee-Specialization-Modeling v0.6.1 (specialist host table compiled from J. Fowler's pollen specialist bee lists), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14226492"
  },
  {
   "name": "Hurlbert, Olsen, Sawyer & Winner 2021, Avian Diet Database, Scientific Data 8: 260 (CC0)",
   "url": "https://github.com/hurlbertlab/dietdatabase"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, growth habit (public domain)",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire 2020, Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species, Nature Communications",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19565-4"
  },
  {
   "name": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Wetland Plant List 2022, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont",
   "url": "https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  }
 ],
 "insect_support": {
  "version": "insect-support-1",
  "groups": {
   "ants": {
    "label": "Ants",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Pogonomyrmex badius"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 1,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [
     {
      "animal": "Pogonomyrmex badius",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallinum",
      "country": "USA",
      "outcomes": [
       "pred"
      ],
      "row_id": 7682,
      "reference_id": 724,
      "reference": {
       "Unique ID (id)": 7682,
       "Reference ID (refid)": 724,
       "First Author": "Tschinkel",
       "Year": 2017,
       "Journal": "Plos ONE",
       "Volume": 12,
       "Pages": "e0171419"
      },
      "species_resolved": true,
      "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018",
      "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377"
     }
    ],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "beetles": {
    "label": "Beetles",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   },
   "flies": {
    "label": "Flies",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Archytas analis",
     "Calythea albicincta",
     "Lucilia sylvarum",
     "Musca domestica",
     "Phorantha purpurascens",
     "Physocephala tibialis",
     "Senotainia trilineata",
     "Stratiomyia meigenii",
     "Trichophora ruficauda",
     "Trichopoda pennipes",
     "Zodion nanellum"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 11,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Archytas analis",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Musca domestica",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Zodion nanellum",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Physocephala tibialis",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Senotainia trilineata",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Phorantha purpurascens",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Lucilia sylvarum",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Trichophora ruficauda",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Trichopoda pennipes",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Calythea albicincta",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Stratiomyia meigenii",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "moths_butterflies": {
    "label": "Adult butterflies / moths",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   },
   "other_hymenoptera": {
    "label": "Other wasps",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Ammobia ichneumonea",
     "Ammobia pennsylvanica",
     "Anacrabro ocellatus",
     "Cerceris fumipennis",
     "Eucerceris zonatus",
     "Isodontia apicalis",
     "Leionotus arvensis",
     "Leionotus dorsalis",
     "Lindenius errans",
     "Philanthus punctatus",
     "Philanthus ventilabris",
     "Poecilopompilus navus",
     "Polistes rubiginosus",
     "Polistes variatus",
     "Sphex gracilis",
     "Sphex nigricans",
     "Sphex vulgaris",
     "Tachytes distinctus"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 18,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Isodontia apicalis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Polistes rubiginosus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Polistes variatus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Leionotus arvensis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Philanthus punctatus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex gracilis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Leionotus dorsalis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex nigricans",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Philanthus ventilabris",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Ammobia ichneumonea",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Anacrabro ocellatus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Cerceris fumipennis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Eucerceris zonatus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Lindenius errans",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex vulgaris",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Ammobia pennsylvanica",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Tachytes distinctus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Poecilopompilus navus",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Rhus copallina",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "other_insects": {
    "label": "Other insects",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   }
  },
  "credit": 3,
  "maximum_credit": 5,
  "interpretation": "One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit."
 },
 "baseline_genus_score": 87,
 "insect_credit_applied": 3,
 "quercus_score": 90,
 "band": "Keystone",
 "verdict": null,
 "genus_score": 90,
 "abundance_adjustment": 0,
 "factors": {
  "caterpillars": {
   "value": 57,
   "percentile": 0.943
  },
  "bees": {
   "value": 52,
   "percentile": 0.983
  },
  "specialists": {
   "value": 0,
   "percentile": 0.432
  },
  "birds": {
   "value": 32,
   "percentile": 0.984
  },
  "structure": {
   "value": [
    "Shrub",
    "Tree"
   ],
   "percentile": 1.0
  }
 },
 "bees_on_genus_se": 52,
 "specialist_bees_on_genus": 0,
 "birds_on_genus_na": 32,
 "growth_habit": [
  "Shrub",
  "Tree"
 ],
 "observed_caterpillars_nc": null,
 "reason": "Native. The Rhus genus feeds 57 caterpillar species in NC, draws 52 bee species in the Southeast; 32 bird species have recorded feeding interactions with this genus in North America. Strong for caterpillars, bees and birds. Includes +3 provisional points for additional documented insect groups.",
 "confidence": "5 of 5 factor datasets used; missing records do not prove absence (genus-level)",
 "moisture": "usually drier ground",
 "light_range": [
  "part sun",
  "full sun"
 ],
 "light_source": "USDA PLANTS shade class 'High', read inverted (coarse)",
 "nc_counties_recorded": 83,
 "nc_counties": [
  "Alamance",
  "Alexander",
  "Alleghany",
  "Anson",
  "Avery",
  "Beaufort",
  "Brunswick",
  "Buncombe",
  "Burke",
  "Cabarrus",
  "Caldwell",
  "Carteret",
  "Caswell",
  "Catawba",
  "Chatham",
  "Cherokee",
  "Chowan",
  "Clay",
  "Cleveland",
  "Columbus",
  "Craven",
  "Cumberland",
  "Currituck",
  "Dare",
  "Davie",
  "Duplin",
  "Durham",
  "Edgecombe",
  "Forsyth",
  "Franklin",
  "Gaston",
  "Graham",
  "Granville",
  "Greene",
  "Guilford",
  "Halifax",
  "Harnett",
  "Hertford",
  "Hoke",
  "Hyde",
  "Iredell",
  "Jackson",
  "Johnston",
  "Jones",
  "Lee",
  "Lenoir",
  "Lincoln",
  "Macon",
  "Madison",
  "Martin",
  "McDowell",
  "Mecklenburg",
  "Mitchell",
  "Montgomery",
  "Moore",
  "New Hanover",
  "Onslow",
  "Orange",
  "Pender",
  "Person",
  "Pitt",
  "Polk",
  "Randolph",
  "Richmond",
  "Robeson",
  "Rockingham",
  "Rowan",
  "Sampson",
  "Scotland",
  "Stanly",
  "Stokes",
  "Surry",
  "Swain",
  "Transylvania",
  "Tyrrell",
  "Union",
  "Vance",
  "Wake",
  "Washington",
  "Wayne",
  "Wilkes",
  "Wilson",
  "Yadkin"
 ],
 "fit_inputs": {
  "light": [
   3,
   4
  ],
  "moisture": [
   1,
   3
  ],
  "ph": [
   5.3,
   7.5
  ]
 },
 "fit_status": "not_assessed",
 "hardiness_guidance": null,
 "fit_note": "Yard fit has not been assessed. County occurrences and condition proxies are not proof of local nativity or suitability.",
 "fit_provenance": {
  "counties": "USDA PLANTS: recorded in 83 NC counties",
  "ph": "USDA PLANTS",
  "light": "USDA PLANTS shade class 'High', read inverted (coarse)",
  "moisture": "USACE wetland occurrence proxy; ; tolerates saturated soil (USDA/Niinemets)"
 },
 "factor_evidence": {
  "caterpillars": "records_present",
  "bees": "records_present",
  "specialists": "no_records_or_unknown",
  "birds": "records_present",
  "structure": "records_present"
 },
 "nc_provinces": [
  "Coastal Plain",
  "Mountains",
  "Piedmont"
 ],
 "search_terms": [
  "Rhus copallina"
 ],
 "display_count_scales": {
  "caterpillars": 496,
  "bees": 176,
  "specialists": 45,
  "birds": 58,
  "insect_ants": 20,
  "insect_beetles": 12,
  "insect_flies": 74,
  "insect_moths_butterflies": 15,
  "insect_other_hymenoptera": 75,
  "insect_other_insects": 5
 },
 "version": "0.6.4",
 "built": "2026-09-24"
}