{ "scientific_name": "Hexastylis arifolia", "common_name": "Little Brown Jug", "family": "Aristolochiaceae", "genus": "Hexastylis", "slug": "hexastylis-arifolia", "region": "North Carolina", "also_known_as": null, "nc_state_rank": "S5", "nc_status": null, "invasive_rank": null, "caterpillar_species_on_genus_nc": 2, "single_host_specialists_on_genus_nc": 0, "genus_percentile_among_nc_natives": 0.459, "wetland_indicator": "FAC", "wetland_indicator_listed": true, "ph_range": null, "factors_measured": [ "caterpillars", "bees", "specialists", "birds", "structure" ], "sources": [ { "name": "Vascular Plants of North Carolina, plant list export 2026-09-01 (LeGrand, Sorrie & Howard)", "url": "https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/" }, { "name": "Penn & Crist 2018, ant\u2013seed interactions; USA/Canada observations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "name": "Shropshire & Tallamy 2025, Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico, ZooKeys 1261 (ODbL)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1261.160796" }, { "name": "Noori, Seltmann & Orr 2026, A curated and integrated dataset for exploring global bee-plant interactions (GloBI), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18303036" }, { "name": "Smith, Bachelder, Russell, Morales, Mosher & Seltmann 2024, Bee-Specialization-Modeling v0.6.1 (specialist host table compiled from J. Fowler's pollen specialist bee lists), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14226492" }, { "name": "Hurlbert, Olsen, Sawyer & Winner 2021, Avian Diet Database, Scientific Data 8: 260 (CC0)", "url": "https://github.com/hurlbertlab/dietdatabase" }, { "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, growth habit (public domain)", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/" }, { "name": "Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire 2020, Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species, Nature Communications", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19565-4" }, { "name": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Wetland Plant List 2022, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont", "url": "https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/" }, { "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/" } ], "insect_support": { "version": "insect-support-1", "groups": { "ants": { "label": "Ants", "status": "recorded", "recorded_names": [ "Aphaenogaster picea", "Aphaenogaster rudis", "Aphaenogaster unknown", "Camponotus capperi", "Camponotus pennsylvanicus", "Crematogaster ashmeadi", "Formica pallidefulva", "Formica subsericea", "Pheidole dentata", "Prenolepis imparis" ], "recorded_name_count": 10, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [ { "animal": "Aphaenogaster rudis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 723, "reference_id": 113, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 723, "Reference ID (refid)": 113, "First Author": "Canner", "Year": 2012, "Journal": "Acta Oecologica", "Volume": 40, "Pages": "31-39" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster unknown", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1607, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1607, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": false, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Camponotus capperi", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1608, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1608, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Crematogaster ashmeadi", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1609, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1609, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Formica pallidefulva", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1610, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1610, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Formica subsericea", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1611, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1611, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Pheidole dentata", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1612, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1612, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Prenolepis imparis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 1613, "reference_id": 252, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 1613, "Reference ID (refid)": 252, "First Author": "Giladi", "Year": 2004, "Journal": "Dissertation, UGA", "Volume": 175, "Pages": null }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster picea", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7822, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7822, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster rudis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7824, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7824, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster unknown", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7826, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7826, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": false, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Camponotus pennsylvanicus", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7828, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7828, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Formica subsericea", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7830, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7830, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Prenolepis imparis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7832, "reference_id": 751, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7832, "Reference ID (refid)": 751, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2010, "Journal": "Journal of Ecology", "Volume": 98, "Pages": "1178-1185" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster picea", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7834, "reference_id": 752, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7834, "Reference ID (refid)": 752, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2011, "Journal": "Global Change Biology", "Volume": 17, "Pages": "2444-2454" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster rudis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7836, "reference_id": 752, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7836, "Reference ID (refid)": 752, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2011, "Journal": "Global Change Biology", "Volume": 17, "Pages": "2444-2454" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Prenolepis imparis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7838, "reference_id": 752, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7838, "Reference ID (refid)": 752, "First Author": "Warren", "Year": 2011, "Journal": "Global Change Biology", "Volume": 17, "Pages": "2444-2454" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster rudis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7942, "reference_id": 785, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7942, "Reference ID (refid)": 785, "First Author": "Zelikova", "Year": 2008, "Journal": "Acta Oecologica", "Volume": 34, "Pages": "155-162" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Formica subsericea", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7944, "reference_id": 785, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7944, "Reference ID (refid)": 785, "First Author": "Zelikova", "Year": 2008, "Journal": "Acta Oecologica", "Volume": 34, "Pages": "155-162" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" }, { "animal": "Aphaenogaster rudis", "source_plant": "Hexastylis arifolia", "country": "USA", "outcomes": [ "disp" ], "row_id": 7955, "reference_id": 787, "reference": { "Unique ID (id)": 7955, "Reference ID (refid)": 787, "First Author": "Zelikova", "Year": 2011, "Journal": "Ecosphere", "Volume": 2, "Pages": "UNSP 63" }, "species_resolved": true, "dataset": "Penn & Crist 2018", "doi": "10.1002/ece3.4377" } ], "credit": 1 }, "beetles": { "label": "Beetles", "status": "unknown", "recorded_names": [], "recorded_name_count": null, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [], "credit": 0 }, "flies": { "label": "Flies", "status": "unknown", "recorded_names": [], "recorded_name_count": null, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [], "credit": 0 }, "moths_butterflies": { "label": "Adult butterflies / moths", "status": "unknown", "recorded_names": [], "recorded_name_count": null, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [], "credit": 0 }, "other_hymenoptera": { "label": "Other wasps", "status": "unknown", "recorded_names": [], "recorded_name_count": null, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [], "credit": 0 }, "other_insects": { "label": "Other insects", "status": "unknown", "recorded_names": [], "recorded_name_count": null, "flower_visits": [], "seed_interactions": [], "credit": 0 } }, "credit": 1, "maximum_credit": 5, "interpretation": "One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit." }, "baseline_genus_score": 19, "insect_credit_applied": 1, "quercus_score": 20, "band": "Good", "verdict": null, "genus_score": 20, "abundance_adjustment": 0, "factors": { "caterpillars": { "value": 2, "percentile": 0.498 }, "bees": { "value": 0, "percentile": 0.244 }, "specialists": { "value": 0, "percentile": 0.432 }, "birds": { "value": 0, "percentile": 0.304 }, "structure": { "value": [ "Forb/herb" ], "percentile": 0.5 } }, "bees_on_genus_se": 0, "specialist_bees_on_genus": 0, "birds_on_genus_na": 0, "growth_habit": [ "Forb/herb" ], "observed_caterpillars_nc": null, "reason": "Native. The Hexastylis (Asarum in the source data) genus feeds 2 caterpillar species in NC, draws 0 bee species in the Southeast; no bird feeding interactions are recorded for this genus in the North American dataset. Few records for bees and birds. Includes +1 provisional points for additional documented insect groups.", "confidence": "5 of 5 factor datasets used; missing records do not prove absence (genus-level)", "moisture": "wet or dry ground", "light_range": null, "light_source": null, "nc_counties_recorded": 60, "nc_counties": [ "Alamance", "Beaufort", "Bladen", "Brunswick", "Buncombe", "Burke", "Cabarrus", "Caswell", "Chatham", "Chowan", "Clay", "Columbus", "Craven", "Cumberland", "Davidson", "Duplin", "Durham", "Forsyth", "Franklin", "Graham", "Granville", "Guilford", "Harnett", "Hoke", "Hyde", "Iredell", "Jackson", "Johnston", "Jones", "Lee", "Lenoir", "Macon", "Mecklenburg", "Mitchell", "Montgomery", "Moore", "New Hanover", "Onslow", "Orange", "Pamlico", "Pasquotank", "Pender", "Person", "Pitt", "Polk", "Randolph", "Richmond", "Robeson", "Rowan", "Rutherford", "Sampson", "Scotland", "Stanly", "Swain", "Tyrrell", "Union", "Vance", "Wake", "Washington", "Wayne" ], "fit_inputs": { "light": null, "moisture": [ 1, 3 ], "ph": null }, "fit_status": "not_assessed", "hardiness_guidance": { "references": [ { "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/asarum-arifolium/", "source_name": "Asarum arifolium", "explicit_synonym": "Hexastylis arifolia", "zone_min": 5.0, "zone_max": 9.5, "notes": "Partial/dappled shade, well-drained moist soil, qualitative heat resistance; not a numerical heat threshold" } ], "decision": "Confirmed synonym resolves lookup gap; one horticultural source, no independent numerical heat threshold. Do not infer suitability for the deepest shade." }, "fit_note": "Yard fit has not been assessed. County occurrences and condition proxies are not proof of local nativity or suitability.", "fit_provenance": { "counties": "USDA PLANTS: recorded in 60 NC counties", "moisture": "USACE wetland occurrence proxy" }, "factor_evidence": { "caterpillars": "records_present", "bees": "no_records_or_unknown", "specialists": "no_records_or_unknown", "birds": "no_records_or_unknown", "structure": "records_present" }, "nc_provinces": [ "Coastal Plain", "Mountains", "Piedmont" ], "search_terms": [ "wild ginger", "wild-ginger" ], "display_count_scales": { "caterpillars": 496, "bees": 176, "specialists": 45, "birds": 58, "insect_ants": 20, "insect_beetles": 12, "insect_flies": 74, "insect_moths_butterflies": 15, "insect_other_hymenoptera": 75, "insect_other_insects": 5 }, "version": "0.6.4", "built": "2026-09-24" }