{
 "scientific_name": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
 "common_name": "Buttonbush",
 "family": "Rubiaceae",
 "genus": "Cephalanthus",
 "slug": "cephalanthus-occidentalis",
 "region": "North Carolina",
 "also_known_as": null,
 "nc_state_rank": "S5",
 "nc_status": null,
 "invasive_rank": null,
 "caterpillar_species_on_genus_nc": 26,
 "single_host_specialists_on_genus_nc": 1,
 "genus_percentile_among_nc_natives": 0.886,
 "wetland_indicator": "OBL",
 "wetland_indicator_listed": true,
 "ph_range": [
  4.7,
  8.6
 ],
 "factors_measured": [
  "caterpillars",
  "bees",
  "specialists",
  "birds",
  "structure"
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "name": "Vascular Plants of North Carolina, plant list export 2026-09-01 (LeGrand, Sorrie & Howard)",
   "url": "https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Robertson 1929, Illinois flower visitors; GloBI contributor transcription (visits, not confirmed pollination)",
   "url": "https://github.com/millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers"
  },
  {
   "name": "Shropshire & Tallamy 2025, Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico, ZooKeys 1261 (ODbL)",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1261.160796"
  },
  {
   "name": "Noori, Seltmann & Orr 2026, A curated and integrated dataset for exploring global bee-plant interactions (GloBI), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18303036"
  },
  {
   "name": "Smith, Bachelder, Russell, Morales, Mosher & Seltmann 2024, Bee-Specialization-Modeling v0.6.1 (specialist host table compiled from J. Fowler's pollen specialist bee lists), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14226492"
  },
  {
   "name": "Hurlbert, Olsen, Sawyer & Winner 2021, Avian Diet Database, Scientific Data 8: 260 (CC0)",
   "url": "https://github.com/hurlbertlab/dietdatabase"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, growth habit (public domain)",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire 2020, Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species, Nature Communications",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19565-4"
  },
  {
   "name": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Wetland Plant List 2022, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont",
   "url": "https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Niinemets & Valladares 2006, Tolerance to shade, drought and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs, Ecological Monographs (CC0 appendix)",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3565671"
  }
 ],
 "insect_support": {
  "version": "insect-support-1",
  "groups": {
   "ants": {
    "label": "Ants",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   },
   "beetles": {
    "label": "Beetles",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Trichius piger"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 1,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Trichius piger",
      "group": "beetles",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "flies": {
    "label": "Flies",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Eristalis latifrons",
     "Eristalis tenax",
     "Musca domestica",
     "Physocephala texana",
     "Physocephala tibialis",
     "Scepsis fulvicollis",
     "Sphaerophoria cylindrica",
     "Volucella evecta",
     "Volucella vesiculosa"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 9,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Musca domestica",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Physocephala texana",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Physocephala tibialis",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphaerophoria cylindrica",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Scepsis fulvicollis",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Eristalis tenax",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Volucella vesiculosa",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Eristalis latifrons",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Volucella evecta",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "moths_butterflies": {
    "label": "Adult butterflies / moths",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Anosia plexippus",
     "Argynnis cybele",
     "Atrytone delaware",
     "Cercyonis alope",
     "Limochores taumas",
     "Papilio asterias",
     "Phyciodes tharos",
     "Pontia protodice",
     "Thanaos juvenalis",
     "Thorybes bathyllus",
     "Vanessa atalanta",
     "Vanessa cardui",
     "Vanessa huntera",
     "Zerene caesonia"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 14,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Anosia plexippus",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Argynnis cybele",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Phyciodes tharos",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Limochores taumas",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Papilio asterias",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Thanaos juvenalis",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Vanessa huntera",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Pontia protodice",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Vanessa atalanta",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Vanessa cardui",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Atrytone delaware",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Cercyonis alope",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Thorybes bathyllus",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Zerene caesonia",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "other_hymenoptera": {
    "label": "Other wasps",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Leionotus arvensis",
     "Sphex nigricans"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 2,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Leionotus arvensis",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex nigricans",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Cephalanthus occidentalis",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "other_insects": {
    "label": "Other insects",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   }
  },
  "credit": 4,
  "maximum_credit": 5,
  "interpretation": "One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit."
 },
 "baseline_genus_score": 75,
 "insect_credit_applied": 4,
 "quercus_score": 79,
 "band": "Strong",
 "verdict": null,
 "genus_score": 79,
 "abundance_adjustment": 0,
 "factors": {
  "caterpillars": {
   "value": 26,
   "percentile": 0.89
  },
  "bees": {
   "value": 23,
   "percentile": 0.916
  },
  "specialists": {
   "value": 0,
   "percentile": 0.432
  },
  "birds": {
   "value": 2,
   "percentile": 0.748
  },
  "structure": {
   "value": [
    "Shrub",
    "Tree"
   ],
   "percentile": 1.0
  }
 },
 "bees_on_genus_se": 23,
 "specialist_bees_on_genus": 0,
 "birds_on_genus_na": 2,
 "growth_habit": [
  "Shrub",
  "Tree"
 ],
 "observed_caterpillars_nc": null,
 "reason": "Native. The Cephalanthus genus feeds 26 caterpillar species in NC, draws 23 bee species in the Southeast; 2 bird species have recorded feeding interactions with this genus in North America. Strong for caterpillars and bees. Includes +4 provisional points for additional documented insect groups.",
 "confidence": "5 of 5 factor datasets used; missing records do not prove absence (genus-level)",
 "moisture": "wet ground only",
 "light_range": [
  "part shade",
  "full sun"
 ],
 "light_source": "Niinemets & Valladares 2006 shade tolerance 2.75/5",
 "nc_counties_recorded": 72,
 "nc_counties": [
  "Alamance",
  "Alexander",
  "Anson",
  "Beaufort",
  "Bertie",
  "Bladen",
  "Brunswick",
  "Buncombe",
  "Cabarrus",
  "Caldwell",
  "Carteret",
  "Caswell",
  "Catawba",
  "Chatham",
  "Chowan",
  "Cleveland",
  "Columbus",
  "Craven",
  "Cumberland",
  "Currituck",
  "Davidson",
  "Davie",
  "Duplin",
  "Durham",
  "Edgecombe",
  "Forsyth",
  "Franklin",
  "Gaston",
  "Gates",
  "Granville",
  "Greene",
  "Guilford",
  "Halifax",
  "Harnett",
  "Henderson",
  "Hertford",
  "Hyde",
  "Iredell",
  "Jackson",
  "Johnston",
  "Jones",
  "Lee",
  "Lenoir",
  "McDowell",
  "Mecklenburg",
  "Montgomery",
  "Nash",
  "New Hanover",
  "Northampton",
  "Orange",
  "Pamlico",
  "Pasquotank",
  "Pitt",
  "Polk",
  "Randolph",
  "Richmond",
  "Robeson",
  "Rockingham",
  "Rowan",
  "Scotland",
  "Stanly",
  "Stokes",
  "Swain",
  "Tyrrell",
  "Union",
  "Vance",
  "Wake",
  "Warren",
  "Washington",
  "Wayne",
  "Wilson",
  "Yadkin"
 ],
 "fit_inputs": {
  "light": [
   2,
   4
  ],
  "moisture": [
   3,
   4
  ],
  "ph": [
   4.7,
   8.6
  ]
 },
 "fit_status": "not_assessed",
 "hardiness_guidance": null,
 "fit_note": "Yard fit has not been assessed. County occurrences and condition proxies are not proof of local nativity or suitability.",
 "fit_provenance": {
  "counties": "USDA PLANTS: recorded in 72 NC counties",
  "ph": "USDA PLANTS",
  "light": "Niinemets & Valladares 2006 shade tolerance 2.75/5",
  "moisture": "USACE wetland occurrence proxy; ; tolerates saturated soil (USDA/Niinemets)"
 },
 "factor_evidence": {
  "caterpillars": "records_present",
  "bees": "records_present",
  "specialists": "no_records_or_unknown",
  "birds": "records_present",
  "structure": "records_present"
 },
 "nc_provinces": [
  "Coastal Plain",
  "Mountains",
  "Piedmont"
 ],
 "search_terms": null,
 "display_count_scales": {
  "caterpillars": 496,
  "bees": 176,
  "specialists": 45,
  "birds": 58,
  "insect_ants": 20,
  "insect_beetles": 12,
  "insect_flies": 74,
  "insect_moths_butterflies": 15,
  "insect_other_hymenoptera": 75,
  "insect_other_insects": 5
 },
 "version": "0.6.4",
 "built": "2026-09-24"
}