{
 "scientific_name": "Asclepias tuberosa",
 "common_name": "Butterfly Milkweed",
 "family": "Apocynaceae",
 "genus": "Asclepias",
 "slug": "asclepias-tuberosa",
 "region": "North Carolina",
 "also_known_as": null,
 "nc_state_rank": "S5",
 "nc_status": null,
 "invasive_rank": null,
 "caterpillar_species_on_genus_nc": 14,
 "single_host_specialists_on_genus_nc": 1,
 "genus_percentile_among_nc_natives": 0.815,
 "wetland_indicator": null,
 "wetland_indicator_listed": false,
 "ph_range": [
  4.8,
  6.8
 ],
 "factors_measured": [
  "caterpillars",
  "bees",
  "specialists",
  "birds",
  "structure"
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "name": "Vascular Plants of North Carolina, plant list export 2026-09-01 (LeGrand, Sorrie & Howard)",
   "url": "https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Robertson 1929, Illinois flower visitors; GloBI contributor transcription (visits, not confirmed pollination)",
   "url": "https://github.com/millerse/Flowers-and-insects-lists-of-visitors-to-four-hundred-and-fifty-three-flowers"
  },
  {
   "name": "Shropshire & Tallamy 2025, Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico, ZooKeys 1261 (ODbL)",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1261.160796"
  },
  {
   "name": "Noori, Seltmann & Orr 2026, A curated and integrated dataset for exploring global bee-plant interactions (GloBI), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18303036"
  },
  {
   "name": "Smith, Bachelder, Russell, Morales, Mosher & Seltmann 2024, Bee-Specialization-Modeling v0.6.1 (specialist host table compiled from J. Fowler's pollen specialist bee lists), Zenodo, CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14226492"
  },
  {
   "name": "Hurlbert, Olsen, Sawyer & Winner 2021, Avian Diet Database, Scientific Data 8: 260 (CC0)",
   "url": "https://github.com/hurlbertlab/dietdatabase"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, growth habit (public domain)",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Narango, Tallamy & Shropshire 2020, Few keystone plant genera support the majority of Lepidoptera species, Nature Communications",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19565-4"
  },
  {
   "name": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Wetland Plant List 2022, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont",
   "url": "https://wetland-plants.sec.usace.army.mil/"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDA NRCS PLANTS Database",
   "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/"
  }
 ],
 "insect_support": {
  "version": "insect-support-1",
  "groups": {
   "ants": {
    "label": "Ants",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   },
   "beetles": {
    "label": "Beetles",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   },
   "flies": {
    "label": "Flies",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Scepsis fulvicollis",
     "Spallanzania hesperidarum"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 2,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Spallanzania hesperidarum",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Scepsis fulvicollis",
      "group": "flies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "moths_butterflies": {
    "label": "Adult butterflies / moths",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Anosia plexippus",
     "Argynnis cybele",
     "Papilio asterias",
     "Phyciodes tharos",
     "Pontia protodice",
     "Speyeria idalia",
     "Strymon titus"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 7,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Anosia plexippus",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Argynnis cybele",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Phyciodes tharos",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Speyeria idalia",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Papilio asterias",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Pontia protodice",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Strymon titus",
      "group": "moths_butterflies",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "other_hymenoptera": {
    "label": "Other wasps",
    "status": "recorded",
    "recorded_names": [
     "Ammobia ichneumonea",
     "Priononyx atrata",
     "Priononyx thomae",
     "Sphex nigricans",
     "Sphex procera"
    ],
    "recorded_name_count": 5,
    "flower_visits": [
     {
      "animal": "Priononyx atrata",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex nigricans",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Priononyx thomae",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Ammobia ichneumonea",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     },
     {
      "animal": "Sphex procera",
      "group": "other_hymenoptera",
      "source_plant": "Asclepias tuberosa",
      "interaction": "flower_visit",
      "location": "Carlinville, Illinois, USA",
      "dataset": "Robertson 1929 / GloBI mirror",
      "reference": "Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.",
      "pollination_confirmed": false
     }
    ],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 1
   },
   "other_insects": {
    "label": "Other insects",
    "status": "unknown",
    "recorded_names": [],
    "recorded_name_count": null,
    "flower_visits": [],
    "seed_interactions": [],
    "credit": 0
   }
  },
  "credit": 3,
  "maximum_credit": 5,
  "interpretation": "One provisional point per additional documented insect group, capped at five. Flower visits are a resource-use proxy, not confirmed feeding or pollination. Missing evidence is unknown. Study volume and repeated records earn no extra credit."
 },
 "baseline_genus_score": 67,
 "insect_credit_applied": 3,
 "quercus_score": 70,
 "band": "Strong",
 "verdict": null,
 "genus_score": 70,
 "abundance_adjustment": 0,
 "factors": {
  "caterpillars": {
   "value": 14,
   "percentile": 0.821
  },
  "bees": {
   "value": 59,
   "percentile": 0.986
  },
  "specialists": {
   "value": 0,
   "percentile": 0.432
  },
  "birds": {
   "value": 1,
   "percentile": 0.664
  },
  "structure": {
   "value": [
    "Forb/herb"
   ],
   "percentile": 0.5
  }
 },
 "bees_on_genus_se": 59,
 "specialist_bees_on_genus": 0,
 "birds_on_genus_na": 1,
 "growth_habit": [
  "Forb/herb"
 ],
 "observed_caterpillars_nc": null,
 "reason": "Native. The Asclepias genus feeds 14 caterpillar species in NC, draws 59 bee species in the Southeast; 1 bird species have recorded feeding interactions with this genus in North America. Strong for bees. Includes +3 provisional points for additional documented insect groups.",
 "confidence": "5 of 5 factor datasets used; missing records do not prove absence (genus-level)",
 "moisture": "unknown: no matched wetland indicator",
 "light_range": [
  "part sun",
  "full sun"
 ],
 "light_source": "USDA PLANTS shade class 'High', read inverted (coarse)",
 "nc_counties_recorded": 93,
 "nc_counties": [
  "Alamance",
  "Alexander",
  "Alleghany",
  "Anson",
  "Ashe",
  "Avery",
  "Beaufort",
  "Bertie",
  "Bladen",
  "Brunswick",
  "Buncombe",
  "Burke",
  "Cabarrus",
  "Caldwell",
  "Camden",
  "Caswell",
  "Catawba",
  "Chatham",
  "Cherokee",
  "Chowan",
  "Clay",
  "Cleveland",
  "Columbus",
  "Craven",
  "Cumberland",
  "Currituck",
  "Dare",
  "Davidson",
  "Duplin",
  "Durham",
  "Edgecombe",
  "Forsyth",
  "Franklin",
  "Gaston",
  "Gates",
  "Graham",
  "Granville",
  "Greene",
  "Guilford",
  "Halifax",
  "Harnett",
  "Haywood",
  "Henderson",
  "Hertford",
  "Hoke",
  "Iredell",
  "Jackson",
  "Johnston",
  "Jones",
  "Lee",
  "Lenoir",
  "Lincoln",
  "Macon",
  "Madison",
  "Martin",
  "McDowell",
  "Mecklenburg",
  "Mitchell",
  "Montgomery",
  "Moore",
  "Nash",
  "New Hanover",
  "Northampton",
  "Onslow",
  "Orange",
  "Pender",
  "Person",
  "Pitt",
  "Polk",
  "Randolph",
  "Richmond",
  "Robeson",
  "Rockingham",
  "Rowan",
  "Rutherford",
  "Sampson",
  "Scotland",
  "Stanly",
  "Stokes",
  "Surry",
  "Swain",
  "Transylvania",
  "Union",
  "Vance",
  "Wake",
  "Warren",
  "Washington",
  "Watauga",
  "Wayne",
  "Wilkes",
  "Wilson",
  "Yadkin",
  "Yancey"
 ],
 "fit_inputs": {
  "light": [
   3,
   4
  ],
  "moisture": null,
  "ph": [
   4.8,
   6.8
  ]
 },
 "fit_status": "not_assessed",
 "hardiness_guidance": null,
 "fit_note": "Yard fit has not been assessed. County occurrences and condition proxies are not proof of local nativity or suitability.",
 "fit_provenance": {
  "counties": "USDA PLANTS: recorded in 93 NC counties",
  "ph": "USDA PLANTS",
  "light": "USDA PLANTS shade class 'High', read inverted (coarse)",
  "moisture": "unknown: no matched indicator"
 },
 "factor_evidence": {
  "caterpillars": "records_present",
  "bees": "records_present",
  "specialists": "no_records_or_unknown",
  "birds": "records_present",
  "structure": "records_present"
 },
 "nc_provinces": [
  "Coastal Plain",
  "Mountains",
  "Piedmont"
 ],
 "search_terms": null,
 "display_count_scales": {
  "caterpillars": 496,
  "bees": 176,
  "specialists": 45,
  "birds": 58,
  "insect_ants": 20,
  "insect_beetles": 12,
  "insect_flies": 74,
  "insect_moths_butterflies": 15,
  "insect_other_hymenoptera": 75,
  "insect_other_insects": 5
 },
 "version": "0.6.4",
 "built": "2026-09-24"
}